lessonsevenfungithegreatdecomposers1课件.pptVIP

division * division * division * division * division * division * division * division * division * division * division * division * Of the six fungal classes, only the oomycetes usually have a diploid vegetative state. 六类真菌中，只有卵菌纲通常有二倍体的营养状态。 Oomycetes and chyrids(sometimes called water mold) produce motile, flagellated 带鞭毛的spores in sporangia. 卵菌纲和壶菌(有时称水霉菌)在孢子囊中产生能动的带鞭毛的孢子。 They also produce gametes in gametangia; oomycetes are distinguished by their large, immobile egg cells. 在配子囊中产生配子；卵菌纲具有非常大的静止的卵细胞。 In fact, both these groups have such distinctive features that some biologists prefer to classify them as protists rather than fungi. 实际上，这两大群具有不同的特征，生物学家宁愿把它们归为原生动物而不是真菌。 Zygomycetes resemble the other two classes in this group but have nonmobile spores. They are also completely terrestrial, and some form mycorrhizal 真菌菌根的associations with plant roots. 接合菌与其它两纲相似，但它的孢子不会动。它们完全是陆生的，一些菌根与某些植物的根形成共生关系。 The higher fungi include the class Ascomycetes, the largest class of fungi. Most ascomycetes are either saprobes or parasite. 高级真菌包括子囊菌纲，最大的真菌纲。大多数子囊菌要么是腐生菌，要么是寄生菌。 Asexual reproduction produces spores called conidia, which develop on the tips of specialized aerial hyphae. 无性繁殖产生的孢子称分生孢子子实体，其依赖特化的气生菌丝尖。 In the ascomycetes sexual cycle, hyphae of different mating stains fuse, giving rise to ascospores that form in a small, saclike ascus. Groups of asci form fruiting bodies. 在子囊菌性循环过程中，不同的菌丝通过株融合进行匹配，产生的子囊菌存在于小类子囊中。子囊群形成果实体。 Ascomycetes of interest to humans include truffles, yeasts, and Penicillium species. 对人类有利的子囊菌包括块菌(松露)，酵母和产青霉素菌。 Most members of the class Basidiomycetes—the second group of higher fungi—form visible fruiting bodies. 纲中大多数菌为担子菌，第二大类高级真菌，能形成可见的果实体。 Club—shaped basidia, each bearing four haploid basidiospores, line the surfaces of the gills on the underside of the mushroom cap. 棒形担子，每个都含有4个单倍体的担子孢子，线形地排列在蘑菇帽下的菌褶表面。 Members of this group undergo both sexual and asexual reproductive processes at different times