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usaco 计算几何
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usaco计算几何2010-05-10 09：09Computational Geometry Prerequisites Graph TheoryShortest PathTools This module discusses several algorithms that calculate various geometric properties,mostly based on only two operations described below：cross product and arctangent.
Cross Product The cross product of uand vis written as ux v.Computationally,the cross product of two three-dimensional vectors uand vis the vector determinant of the following matrix(where i,j,and kare unit vectors in the x,y,and zdirections respectively)：|i jk||ux uy uz||vx vy vz|That equation works out to：
(uyvz-vyuz)i+(uzvx-uxvz)j+(uxvy-uyvx)k This definition can be used for vectors in two dimensions by using three-dimensional vectors with az component of 0.The resulting vector will only have az value.
The cross product has three properties：
The cross product of two vectors is perpendicular to both vectors.The length of the cross product is equal to the product of：
the length of u,the length of v,andthe sine of the angle between the vectors.Of the two different directions that are perpendicular to both uand v,the direction the cross product points depends on whether uis``to the rightof vor``to the left.
Dot product The dot product of two vectors uand vis ascalar written as u·v.Computationally,it is defined in three dimensions as：uxvx+u yvy+uzv z
The dot product is actually equal to the product of：
the length of uthe length of vthe cosine of the angle between uand v.Presuming uand vare non-zero,if the dot product if negative,u and vmake an angle greater than 90 degrees.If it is zero,then uand vare perpendicular.If ucdot vis positive,then the two vectors form an acute angle.
Arctangent The arctangentfunction calculates the(an)angle whose tangent is its argument and generally returns areal number between-pi/2 and pi/2.An additional function in C,atan2,takes two arguments：a DELTA yvalue and aDELTA xvalue(in that order！).It determines the angle between the given vector and the positive xaxis and retu
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