山东农业大学分子生物学习课件chapter4.pdfVIP

Part ⅡFunction of Macromolecules In this chapter you will learn 1. About the individual events that occur at a replication fork, and how these individual events together accomplish the task of DNA replication. 2. The functions of enzymes and other proteins present at the replication fork. 3. The different types of DNA replication used in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. 早期科学家假想的DNA复制 Replication of Double-stranded DNA is A Complicated Process  (1) The two strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule run in opposite directions (antiparallel) .  (2) Replication requires a supply of energy to unwind the helix .  (3) Single-stranded DNA tends to form intrastrand base-pairs, so that once unwound it is likely to quickly re-anneal with itself. Replication of Double-stranded DNA is A Complicated Process  (4) Since several reactions are required for DNA replication, a collection of enzymes is involved.  (5) Replication errors occasionally occur and mechanisms need to exist to correct them.  (6) Both circularity and the enormous size of DNA molecules impose physical constraints on the replicative system. Semiconservative Replication of Double-stranded DNA （a）Conservative （b） Semiconservative （ c） Dispersive DNA合成的同位素示踪实验  1958，Meselson和Stahl 大肠杆菌 15NH CI为唯一氮源的 4 培养液中生长若干代 被15N标记的大肠杆菌转入 14NH CI为唯一氮源的培养液中 4  完成第一代和第二代繁殖时， 分离DNA，密度梯度超速离心 被15N标记的亲代双链DNA（记 作15 15 N/ N）密度大，在下部； 14 14 N/ N密度小，在上部； 15 14 15 15 14 14 N/ N在 N/ N和 N/ N之间 Untwisting of Highly Coiled DNA Is Required for DNA Replication 电子显微镜下显示超螺旋和松弛的螺旋及其模式图 θ模式复制的ColE1 DNA分子的电子显微镜图 θ Replication Topoisomerase 拓扑异构酶