常见的第13章-细胞周期与细胞分裂(翟中和第四版).pptVIP

Polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1) is an essential mitotic kinase regulating multiple aspects of the cell division process. Here, activation of PLK1 is shown to occur before mitosis and to depend on phosphorylation by aurora-A kinase, facilitated by a cofactor Bora. The initial activation of PLK1 seems to be a primary function of aurora-A. * /cell/jsfl.htm * 中期II的阻滞被认为是蛋白激酶Mos引起的，Mos抑制细胞周期蛋白 B的降解。 只要细胞周期蛋白B维持在较高水平，卵母细胞中Cdk的活性保持稳定，细胞不能进入下一个减数分裂周期。 中期II停滞只有在卵受精后才能解除.受精导致Mos的降解及随后Cdk的失活 * /nature/journal/v461/n7261/images/461177a-f1.2.jpg The bird Z chromosome, but not the W, carries DMRT1, the gene shown by Smith et al.1 to determine bird sex. The ZW sex chromosomes evolved from a pair of non-sex chromosomes, or autosomes, in an ancestral amniote (a vertebrate whose egg has an amniotic membrane) as the W degraded and left ZZ males and ZW females with different dosages of the DMRT1 gene product. The platypus XY sex-chromosome complex shares genes with the bird ZW system (red), including DMRT1. In marsupial and placental mammals, the same ancestral Z chromosome region that includes DMRT1 is present on autosomes (1 and 7 in kangaroo, 9 and 5 in human). The mammalian XY chromosomes were built up from two blocks (blue and green) that were autosomal in an ancestral amniote and remain autosomal in birds (chicken chromosomes 1 and 4) and platypus (chromosomes 6, 15 and 18). The blue region became a sex chromosome when SOX3 mutated into the male-dominant SRY, and the green block was added later in the placental lineage. Thus the sex-determining function passed from an ancient Z chromosome bearing DMRT1 (red shaded area) in an ancient amniote (and which still determines sex in birds, some lizards and possibly egg-laying mammals) to an autosome bearing SOX3/SRY(blue shaded area) in therian mammals (placentals and marsupials). * Model for the distribution of SYCE1 and CESC1 within the synaptonemal complex. Dimers or multimers of CESC1 and SYCE1 associate with the N-terminal reg