《学术英语写作教程》课件Chapter 03 Matching Questions with Methods.ppt

In the 1665 case above, that was simply a story about a very strange observation, however true. In the 2012 example above, Ive de Smet introduces a special issue in the biological portion of today’s journal. the reason for investigating it, and reference to the methods that will be described shortly in more detail. why did he includes these elements? 1) The need for virtual witnesses and written communication. 2) The shift from stories to international, systematic investigations. The modern research report was born with Newton’s later writings (The Principia) and continued to mature until approximately 1800. Varied as these hundreds of thousands of academic journals are, nearly all of them have articles that have been peer-reviewed, that make an original claim (however modest), and that present evidence-based arguments in support of the claim. 3.5.5 Quantitative research methods Quantitative research tends to be generalizable, it may be the most highly regarded when exploring features of the natural world. Below are some features of quantitative research: 1) General features of quantitative research Objective To precisely identify causal relationships with a high degree of generalizability; Weakness: it may not be “authentic”. A quantitative variable is measureable and varies in degree or amount of a phenomenon; A qualitative variable is defined less precisely. 2) Standardized measurement and assessment in quantitative research Four scales of measurement by Stanley Smith Stevens: Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio 3.5.6 Quantitative research designs and data collection 1) Experimental research designs 2) Quasi-experimental research designs 3) Non-experimental quantitative research designs 3.5.7 Sampling in quantitative research Definition of sample: Rarely can an entire population be meaningfully observed, so a subset of the larger population needs to be selected for observation. This smaller part of the larger population is called sample.