《学术英语写作教程》课件Chapter 04 Criteria-based Reasoning.ppt

.3 Ethnography An ethnography is a descriptive empirical study that differs from a case study in part because it is holistic and takes the whole culture rather than an individual or organization or something as the unit of analysis. An ethnography differs from a case study in other ways, too. The ethnographic researcher is a participant observer who simultaneously observes the research subjects from an insider perspective and from an outsider perspective; while a case study researcher usually is looking at the research subject as an outsider. Two, the ethnographic researcher attempts to “triangulate” the study with multiple theoretical perspectives, from multiple methodological perspectives, and from multiple data collection perspectives; while a case study researcher might make heavy use of one of each. 1) 2) .4 Grounded theory Grounded theory is an inductive approach to empirical research that suspends as many theoretical research assumptions as possible during the process of collecting data and emphasizes emergence. The features of grounded theory: It was first developed by sociologists Barney Glaser and Anhelm Strauss. To avoid the problem of being overly influenced by prevailing theories and then prematurely selecting data collection strategies to fit a given theory. .5 Other kinds of research .5.1 Action research Action research is a practitioner’s attempt to learn more about a local problem. It is applied research that has a practical, local goal and does not attempt to be generalizable. .5.2 Critical pedagogy Critical pedagogy is sometimes called orientation research because it openly acknowledges an ideological orientation, often the intent to help a disempowered or oppressed group. .5.3 Historical research Historical research systematically examines artifacts from the past such as diaries, journals, letters, interview transcripts, speeches, manuscripts, official records, memoirs, reports, photographs and films and /or conducts oral histories to arrive