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PAGE PAGE 1 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews High-brightness LEDs—Energy efficient lighting sources and their potential in indoor plant cultivation ABSTRACT The rapid development of optoelectronic technology since mid-1980 has significantly enhanced the brightness and efficiency of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). LEDs have long been proposed as a primary light source for space-based plant research chamber or bioregenerative life support systems. The raising cost of energy also makes the use of LEDs in commercial crop culture imminent. With their energy efficiency, LEDs have opened new perspectives for optimizing the energy conversion and the nutrient supply both on and off Earth. The potentials of LED as an effective light source for indoor agriculturalproduction have been explored to a great extent. There are many researches that use LEDs to support plant growth in controlled environments such as plant tissue culture room and growth chamber. This paper provides a brief development history of LEDs and a broad base review on LED applications in indoor plant cultivation since 1990. Contents 1. Introduction 2. LED development. 3. Color ratios and photosynthesis 4. LEDs and indoor plant cultivation. 4.1. Plant tissue culture and growth 4.2. Space agriculture8 4.3. Algaculture 4.4. Plant disease reduction 5. Intermittent and photoperiod lighting and energy saving 6. Conclusion 1. Introduction With impacts of climate change, issues such as more frequent and serious droughts, floods, and storms as well as pest and diseases are becoming more serious threats to agriculture. These threats along with shortage of food supply make people turn to indoor and urban farming (such as vertical farming) for help. With proper lighting, indoor agriculture eliminates weather-related crop failures due to droughts and floods to provide year-round crop production, which assist in supplying food in cities with surging populations and in areas of severe environmental conditions. Th