微观经济学应用赋税代价国际贸易.ppt

* By using decade averages, the short-term noise and fluctuations average out, which makes the long-term trends easier to see. In most periods, rising imports are accompanied by falling, not rising, unemployment. Note: This data does not appear in the textbook. I include it here because I think it is effective. But it is not supported in the Test Bank or Study Guide, so please feel free to omit this and the preceding slide if you wish. Data source: FRED database, St Louis Federal Reserve, /fred2/ and my calculations. (I constructed imports as a percentage of GDP from quarterly, nominal, seasonally adjusted data. Then I computed simple averages of the two series over each of the decades shown in the graph.) * Of course, this argument and response are meant to apply more generally than in the specific example described. But most non-economics majors more easily learn a general concept if they start with a specific, graspable example than with the general concept itself. * The WTO website () has useful information. Especially worthwhile for students is the section “Common misunderstandings about the WTO.” 内容提要： 有各种限制贸易的观点：保护工作岗位，保卫国家安全，帮助幼稚产业，防治不公平竞争以及对外国的贸易限制做出反应 尽管这些观点在某些情况下有些道理，但经济学家相信，自由贸易通常是一种更好的政策 * This chapter builds very closely on material from the previous three chapters: it uses the tools of welfare economics (from Chapter 7) to analyze the effects of a tax (introduced in Chapter 6). It explores the relationship between the price elasticities of demand and supply (Chapter 5) with the deadweight loss of the tax. Covering this chapter immediately after the previous three will reinforce the concepts students learned in those chapters. The material in chapter 8 is important. The government must raise revenue to pay for the police, the court system, interstate highways, national defense, public education, and so forth. The government must choose which goods to tax and how much to tax each one. Effective tax policy generates the n