政治经济学及赋税原理研讨.pptVIP

On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation 政治经济学及赋税原理 38 In the former part of this work, we have assumed, for the purpose of argument, that money always continued of the same value. 为了方便论证，我们在前面假定货币价值始终不变。 39 Although, however, money is subject to such perpetual variations, and consequently the prices of the commodities which are common to most countries, are also subject to considerable difference, yet no effect will be produced on the rate of profits, either from the influx or efflux of money. Capital will not be increased, because the circulating medium is augmented. 货币的这种变动导致各国商品价格上的差异，润率却不会由于货币的流出或流入而受到任何影响。资本不会因为流通媒介增加而增加。 40 Profits, it cannot be too often repeated, depend on wages; 利润取决于工资（重要观点） not on nominal, but real wages not on the number of pounds that may be annually paid to the labourer, but on the number of days‘ work, necessary to obtain those pounds. 不是每年付给劳动者的钱数，而是为获得这些钱所必需的劳动时间 41 early states of society 制造业几乎没什么发展，各国产品相近bulky and most useful commodities 各国货币的价值主要是取决于贵金属的矿山距离的远近（运输费用） As the arts and improvements of society advance, and different nations excel in particular manufactures 远近仍然考虑，但主要是制造业的优劣 45 although taxation occasions a disturbance of the equilibrium of money, it does so by depriving the country in which it is imposed of some of the advantages attending skill, industry, and climate. 赋税虽然会扰乱货币均衡，但它的影响就是因为它使得课税国家在技术、工业和气候方面的优势丧失了一部分。 46 It has been my endeavour carefully to distinguish between a low value of money, and a high value of corn, or any other commodity with which money may be compared. 我一直仔细的区别： 货币价值低 谷物等可与货币比较的商品的价格高 46例 48 If foreign countries should prohibit the exportation of money, and could successfully enforce obedience to such a law, they might indeed prevent the rise in the prices of the corn and labour of the manufacturing country; for such rise can only take place after the influx of the precious metals, supposing paper money not to be used; but they could not prevent the exchange from