operating system《操作系统》ch12-mass-storage systems-49讲义教材.ppt

Stable-Storage Implementation Write-ahead log scheme requires stable storage. To implement stable storage: Replicate information on more than one nonvolatile storage media with independent failure modes. Update information in a controlled manner to ensure that we can recover the stable data after any failure during data transfer or recovery. Tertiary Storage Devices Low cost is the defining characteristic of tertiary storage. Generally, tertiary storage is built using removable media Common examples of removable media are floppy disks and CD-ROMs; other types are available. Removable Disks Floppy disk — thin flexible disk coated with magnetic material, enclosed in a protective plastic case. Most floppies hold about 1 MB; similar technology is used for removable disks that hold more than 1 GB. Removable magnetic disks can be nearly as fast as hard disks, but they are at a greater risk of damage from exposure. Removable Disks (Cont.) A magneto-optic disk records data on a rigid platter coated with magnetic material. Laser heat is used to amplify a large, weak magnetic field to record a bit. Laser light is also used to read data (Kerr effect). The magneto-optic head flies much farther from the disk surface than a magnetic disk head, and the magnetic material is covered with a protective layer of plastic or glass; resistant to head crashes. Optical disks do not use magnetism; they employ special materials that are altered by laser light. WORM Disks The data on read-write disks can be modified over and over. WORM (“Write Once, Read Many Times”) disks can be written only once. Thin aluminum film sandwiched between two glass or plastic platters. To write a bit, the drive uses a laser light to burn a small hole through the aluminum; information can be destroyed by not altered. Very durable and reliable. Read Only disks, such ad CD-ROM and DVD, com from the factory with the data pre-recorded. 12.* Overview of Mass Storage Structure Magnetic disks provide bulk of second