An Introduction to KAM Theory外文电子书.pdf

An Introduction to KAM Theory C. Eugene Wayne January 22, 2008 1 Introduction Over the past thirty years, the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) theory has played an important role in increasing our understanding of the behavior of non-integrable Hamiltonian systems. I hope to illustrate in these lectures that the central ideas of the theory are, in fact, quite simple. With this in mind, I will concentrate on two examples and will forego generality for concreteness and (I hope) clarity. The results and methods which I will present are well-known to experts in the field but I hope that by collecting and presenting them in as simple a context as possible I can make them somewhat more approachable to newcomers than they are often considered to be. The outline of the lectures is as follows. After a short historical introduction, I will explain in detail one of the simplest situations where the KAM techniques are used – the case of dieomorphisms of a circle. I will then go on to discuss the theory in its original context, that of nearly-integrable Hamiltonian systems. The problem which the KAM theory was developed to solve first arose in celestial mechanics. More than 300 years ago, Newton wrote down the dif- ferential equations satisfied by a system of massive bodies interacting through gravitational forces. If there are only two bodies, these equations can be ex- plicitly solved and one finds that the bodies revolve on Keplerian ellipses about their center of mass. If one considers a third body (the “three-body-problem”), no exact solution exists – even if, as in the solar system, two of the bodies are much lighter then the third. In this case, however, one observes that the mutual gravitational force between these two “planets” is much weaker than that be- tween eithe