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AP_欧洲历史AP_European_History_The_Reformation
The Reformation (1517–1640)
TheProtestantReformation,ledbysuchfiguresasMartinLuther,UlrichZwingli,andJohnCalvin,wasaturn
ingpointinthehistoryofWesternEurope.FollowersoftheProtestantReformationwereknownas Protestants
becausetheyprotestedabuseswithintheRomanCatholicChurch.Theprotestoftheseabusesledtoarevolution
thatdestroyedthereligiousunityofEuropeandestablishedvariousProtestantdenominationsorsects,alarge
concentrationofwhichwerelocatedinNorthernEurope.TheRenaissanceofSouthernandNorthernEurope
contributedtotheenvironmentthatpromotedareligiousrevolt.Thespiritofindividualityfosteredbythe
RenaissanceledtocriticismofcertainChurchpracticesandusages.
ProtestantismalsoledtoaseriesofreligiouswarsinWesternEuropeandtothedominanceofreligiousleaders
bypoliticalrulers.TheunderlyingtoneoftheReformationwasoneofnationalpride.Kingsquestionedwhether
theyhadtofollowtheleadershipofadistantpopewholivedinItaly.InGermany,localrulerssupportedMartin
Luther’sattacksontheChurchbecausetheysawitasanopportunitytoincreasetheirpower.Outsideof
Germany,theProtestantreformer,JohnCalvin,whowasinfluencedbyUlrichZwingli,hadagreatimpacton
the restofEurope.Calvin’sideasspreadfromGeneva,Switzerland,toNorthernEurope,England,andScotland.
Theinventionoftheprintingpressafter1450ledtothefurtherspreadoftheProtestantReformation.Since
bookscouldnowbereproducedinexpensivelyandinlargequantities,theycouldbeeasilyobtainedthroughout
EuropeshortlyafterProtestantauthorssuchasLuthercompletedthem.
TheCatholicReformation,orCounterReformation—officiallylaunchedbytheCouncilofTrent—wasanattempt
tostopthespreadofProtestantismandtoendthe abuseswithintheChurch.TheChurchreestablished itsauthority
andrenewedtheInquisition,asecretorderofChurchofficials,toridtheChurchofheretics,Jews, andMoslems.
TheeffortsoftheJesuitsundertheleadershipof IgnatiusLoyolaledtowarfarebetweenCatholicsandProtestants
throughoutthefirsthalfoftheseventeenthcenturyandcreatedareligioussplitbetweentheProtestantcountriesof
NorthernEuropeandt
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