西方的文化入门.pptxVIP

Ideological Development of the Modern Age;I . Some Important Theories and Ideological Schools ;Founded by Marx and Engels, Marxism consists of scientific socialism, political economics and dialectic materialism. Its scientific socialism came from critically absorbing utopian socialism; its dialectic materialism was bases on the critical study and acceptance of Hegel’s dialectics and Ludwig Feurbach’s materialism; and its political economics was established by critically reviewing and handling the classical economics. The founding of Marxism was signalled by the publication of The Communist Manifesto in 1848 by Marx and Engels. Yet its principal theoretical work is On Capital.;Marxism provided powerful ideological weapon for the proletariat (无产阶级)in its struggle against the bourgeoisie and other exploiting classes. Marxism theory made preparation for the establishment of the communist party and proletarian dictatorship（专政） , thus opening up a new historical era. In the west, Marxism is used principally as a theoretical means for some cultural and literary criticism.;2. Darwinism ; Darwinism is based on the following precepts: 1) Species have developed or evolved by a series of small variations. 2) All animals and plants are descended from a single prototype. 3) Natural selection or survival of the fittest ensures that only those variations which improve the chances of survivals of species are ultimately significant. 4) Only inherited characteristics can be passed on to later generations.;Darwinism offers laws of wide applications to the progress and development of living things and it has been a key issue in western civilization’s attempts at acquiring a better understanding of nature. Darwinism as a theory caused a total re-examination of what was previously regarded as a justified explanation. Later on, a movement came to being, called Darwinism. The major advocate was Herbert Spencer.;1）实证主义（positivism）是一种以“实际验证”为中心的哲学思想。广义而言，任何种类的哲学体系，只要求知于经验材料，拒绝、排斥先验或形而