Precipittion-Gauge Network沉淀物估算网络.pptVIP

Precipitation – Gauge Network Rain Gauge Density in HK Conventional Raingauge Locations in HK Telemetered Raingauge Network in HK World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Suggestion Errors Precipitation Measurement Effect on Wind on Precipitation Measurement Analysis of Temporal Distribution of Rainstorm Event Rainfall Mass Curve Hyetograph Autographic Chart Clock-Time vs. Rolling-Time Max Rainfall Example of Rainfall Analysis Double Mass Analysis Operation of Double Mass Analysis Example – Double Mass Analysis Point Rainfall Analysis Arithmetic Average/Normal Ratio Methods Inverse Distance Method Modified Methods Optimization Methods Isohyetal/ Kriging Methods Areal Rainfall Analysis Arithmetic Average/Thiessen Polygon Methods Isohyetal Method/Others Examples Depth-Area Relation DAD Reduction Relations * Precipitation varies both in time and space Sound hydrologic/hydraulic designs require adequate estimation of temporal/ spatial precipitation patterns. ? The density of rain gauge network depends on (1) purpose of the study; (2) geographic configuration of the study region; (3) economic consideration. Rain gauge density in HK is: ·?Daily 13.6 km2/gauge ·?Autographic/ Automatic 11.0 km2/gauge ? Rain gauge density is significant higher in Hong Kong Island and much sparse relatively in New Territory (see figure). Figure 2 21 HKO Automatic Reporting Rain Gauges Figure 3 51 HKO Conventional Rain Gauge Stations Figure 2 9 DSD Rain Gauge Stations - Telemetered Figure 2 86 GEO Rain Gauge Stations - Telemetered Figure 2 18 HKO Automatic Weather Station Rain Gauges Location Map Number of Stations Type A minimum density for precipitation gauge network: (at least 10% are automatic recording gauges) I: Flat region of temperature, Mediterranean tropical zones; IIa: Mountain region of temperate, Mediterranean tropical zones IIb: Small mountains island with very irregular precipitation requiring very dense hydrograph