专业英语chapter six.ppt

Chapter6 Comparative Psychology Shirley Xie Contents Reproductive strategies Kinship and social behavior Behavior analysis Concepts, approaches and theories in Comparative psychology Comparative psychology: Studying natural animal behavior Including three main approaches, such as: Evolution Ethology Sociobiology The nature of sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction VS. asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction: Gamete: eggs/ sperm Zygote Anisogamy Gamete fusion strategy Zygote survival strategy Mating systems and tactics Four main types of mating systems: Polygyny Resource defence polygyny Female defence polygyny Male quality polygyny Polyandry Monogamy promiscuity Mate competitions Less-investing sex More-investing sex Pre-copulation competition Post-copulation competition Mate choice Reason for choice: Ensuring the correct species Choosing mates with material offers Choosing mates with genes for high reproductive success Parental care of offspring and conflict Reasons of care: High intra-species competition Harsh physical environment High inter-species competition Conflict: weaning conflict/feeding conflict infanticide/siblicide Imprinting Konrad Lorenz: species-specific, function, innate, critical period, irreversible Sociality-why live in groups? Social defense against predators Social co-operation foraging/hunting Signalling systems Function of signals: Feeding Attack Defense Social organization Reproduction Mode of signal: Tactile signal/sound signal chemical signal/visual signal Learning in the laboratory Classical conditioning-Pavlov Operant conditioning-Skinner Reinforcement Extinction Inhibition Trial and error Law of effect Secondary reinforcement punishment *