普通语言学第三章.pptVIP

普通语言学 Chapter 3 Morphology Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. (p52) 直接涉及语素研究的语言学分支叫做形态学，研究词的内部结构以及词的构造规则。（胡，2002:63） 3.2 Morpheme语素 the minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function（p52） 语素是最小的语言单位，不能再进一步分为更小的单位而不破坏或彻底改变词汇意义或语法意义。（胡，2002:62-63） 3.2 Morpheme语素 ---Words are composed of morphemes. Words may consist of one morpheme or more morphemes, e.g. 1-morpheme boy, desire 2-morpheme boy+ish, desir(e)+ble 3-morpheme boy+ish+ness, desir(e)+bl(e)+ity 4-morpheme gentle+man+li+ness, un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity 5-morpheme un+gentle+man+li+ness 6-morpheme anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism 3.2.1 Free morpheme 自由语素 Free morpheme----is one that may constitute a word or stand alone as a word(free form) by itself, such as bed, tree, sing, dance, etc. Root A root (词根)is that part of the word left when all the affixes (inflectional derivational) are removed, e.g. “desire” in “desirable”, “care” in “carefully”, “nation” in “internationalism”, “believe” in “unbeliev(e)able”… A word may contain more than one root, in which case it is a compound word, e.g. bookshop Stem A stem is part of a word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes(曲折词缀) have been removed, e.g. “undesiralbe” in undesirables 1. works—stem and root 2.workers—stem 3.workshops—stem Base 词基 A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. This means any stem and root can be termed as a base. The difference between root, stem base A base can be added by both inflectional derivational affixes while a stem can be added only by inflectional affixes; A base is derivationally analyzable (e.g. undesire in undesirable) while a root cannot be further analyzed, e.g. desire in undesirable; Root, stem and base can be the same form, e.g. desire in desired; Undesirable in undesirables is either a stem or a base; Desirable in undesirable is only a base. Two categories o