微生物抗药性和生态效应.ppt

* * * * * Antibiotic-resistance profiling of 75 clonal isolates capable of subsisting on antibiotics. Gautam Dantas, et al. Science 2008 Glycopeptide Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Glycopeptide-Producing Organisms MARSHALL et al. 1998 Genetic exchange among bacterial species This process demonstrates the importance of bacterial reservoirs of resistance, including both pathogenic and nonpathogenic organisms. Silbergeld et al. 2008 WW, wastewater effluent; RWD, downstream river water; RWU, upstream river water. APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, June 2010, p. 3444–3451 抗生素污染加速了耐药性的传播和蔓延 养殖业是抗生素重要的污染源 World Health Organization estimates half of total amount of antimicrobials produced globally are used in food animals. In US, 70-80% of all antimicrobials sold are for livestock and 85% of livestock antimicrobial use is for non-therapeutic feed addition. Disease control and growth promotion Waste Treatment and Antimicrobials Antimicrobials are complex compounds that resist biological decomposition waste treatment. Anaerobic digestion destroyed only 59% of oxytetracycline in manures in 64 days. Methane production was reduced from 20-80% when manures contain antibiotics, depending on the concentration of antibiotics in the manures. ** Composting destroyed 95% of oxytetracyline in manures within first week. Antibiotics found intact in treated sewage sludge were ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and triclosan.*** *J.Fick, et.al., Antivial Osetimiver is not Removed or Degraded in Normal Sewage Treatment, 2007 **O.A. Arikan, et.al., Fate and Effect of Oxytetracycline during Anaerobic Digestion of Manure from Therapeutically Treated Calves., 2006 ***E.Z.Harrison, et.al., Organic Chemicals in Sewage Sludges, 2006 ****O.A. Arikan, et.al, Composting Rapidly Reduces Levels of Extractable Oxytetracycline in Manure from Therapeutically Treated Beef Calves, 200