有机化学英文课件capter6.pptVIP

Organic Chemistry William H. Brown Christopher S. Foote Brent L. Iverson Characteristic Reactions Characteristic Reactions Reaction Mechanisms A reaction mechanism describes how a reaction occurs which bonds are broken and which new ones are formed the order and relative rates of the various bond-breaking and bond-forming steps if in solution, the role of the solvent if there is a catalyst, the role of a catalyst the position of all atoms and energy of the entire system during the reaction Gibbs Free Energy Gibbs free energy change, DG0: a thermodynamic function relating enthalpy, entropy, and temperature exergonic reaction: a reaction in which the Gibbs free energy of the products is lower than that of the reactants; the position of equilibrium for an exergonic reaction favors products endergonic reaction: a reaction in which the Gibbs free energy of the products is higher than that of the reactants; the position of equilibrium for an endergonic reaction favors starting materials Gibbs Free Energy a change in Gibbs free energy is directly related to chemical equilibrium summary of the relationships between DG0, DH0, DS0, and the position of chemical equilibrium Energy Diagrams Enthalpy change, DH0: the difference in total bond energy between reactants and products a measure of bond making (exothermic) and bond breaking (endothermic) Heat of reaction, DH0: the difference in enthalpy between reactants and products exothermic reaction: a reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is lower than that of the reactants; a reaction in which heat is released endothermic reaction: a reaction in which the enthalpy of the products is higher than that of the reactants; a reaction in which heat is absorbed Energy Diagrams Energy diagram: a graph showing the changes in energy that occur during a chemical reaction Reaction coordinate: a measure in the change in positions of atoms during a reaction Activation Energy Transition state: an unstable species of maximum energy for