《第三章真核微生物》-课件设计（公开）.pptVIP

* * * 酵母菌的裂殖与细菌的裂殖相似。其过程是细胞伸长，核分裂为二，然后细胞中央出现隔膜，将细胞横分为两个相等大小的、各具有一个核的子细胞。进行裂殖的酵母菌种类很少，例如裂殖酵母属的Schizosaccharomycesoctosporus（八孢裂殖酵母）等。 * * * * * * * * * （一）菌丝 定义：真菌营养体的基本单位是菌丝（hyphae）。形态：菌丝直径一般3～10μm，有分枝，有隔膜或无隔膜，根据菌丝有无隔膜，可以将真菌分成低等真菌（鞭毛菌亚门和接合菌亚门）和高等真菌（子囊菌亚门、担子菌亚门和半知菌亚门）两大类。图——28霉菌菌丝图 Their basic cellular unit is described as a hypha. This is usually a tubular cell which is surrounded by a rigid, chitin-containing cell wall. The hypha extends by tip growth, and multiplies by branching, creating a fine network called a mycelium. Hyphae contain nuclei, mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi and membrane-bound vesicles within a plasma-membrane bound cytoplasm. The sub-cellular structures are supported and organized by micro-tubules and endoplasmic reticulum. If you have forgotten what these structures look like and what they do, please check them in a basic text book. Not all fungi are multicellular, some are unicellular and are termed yeasts. These grow by binary fission or budding, creating new individuals from the parent cell. Simplified diagram of a vegetative yeast cell and a budding cell: * 根据产生接合孢子的菌丝来源或亲和力不同可分为：同宗配合：菌体自身可孕，不需要别的菌体帮助而能独立进行有性生殖。 当同一菌体的两根菌丝甚至同一菌丝的分枝相互接触时，便可产生接合孢子。 异宗配合：菌体自身不孕，需要借助别的可亲和菌体的不同交配型来进行有性生殖。即它需要两种不同菌系的菌丝相遇才能形成接合孢子。 这两种不同菌系的菌体在形态、大小上一般无区别，但生理上有差别，常用“+”和“-”来表示。如果一种菌系或配子囊为“+”，那么。凡是能与之接合而形成接合孢子的另一菌系或配子囊为“-”。 5）接合孢子的萌发： 减数分裂后形成4个单倍体的核，接合孢子萌发时，一个核进入一个芽管，芽管发育成孢子囊，核经多次有丝分裂在孢子囊内产生所有的核。防止近亲繁殖。 Sexual reproduction in the Zygomycetes: There are two possible nuclear states in the mycelia of this group of fungi. They can have a single type of nucleus in their mycelium, a condition termed termed homothallism, or they can contain the two mating type nuclei within their mycelium, termed heterothallism. If the fungus is homothallic the first event in the onset of sexual reproduction has to be somatic fusion. This is termed conjugation. To achieve such a mating it is necessary to attract each other and an elaborate sequence of cellular and biochemical events ha