英国文学-.pptxVIP

The 18th century: the Age of ReasonHistorical Background：Enlightenment of the 18th centuryThe Literary Achievements of the 18th CenturyNeoclassicism and Alexander PopeSentimentalismThe beginning of modern novelPre-Romanticism: William Blake and Robert BurnsDrama: Richard Brinsley SheridanHistorical BackgroundPolitically: the appearance of two hostile parties—Whigs and Tories, and its influence on literature. Socially (Age of Bourgeoisie) : Rapid development of social life and its influences on literature. (coffeehouses, public clubs)辉格党和托利党这两个政党名称皆起源于1688年的光荣革命，一般认为他们是最早出现的资产阶级政党。 “辉格”（Whig）一词起源于苏格兰的盖尔语，意为马贼，英国资产阶级革命时,有人用它来讥讽苏格兰长老派。1679年，就詹姆斯公爵(后来的詹姆斯二世)是否有权继承王位的问题，议会展开激烈争论。一批议员反对詹姆斯公爵的王位继承权，被政敌讥称为“辉格”。他们也渐以此自称。辉格党人是指那些反对绝对王权，支持新教徒宗教自由权利的人。 “托利”（Tory）一词起源于爱尔兰语，意为不法之徒。在1679年议会讨论詹姆斯公爵是否有权继承王位时，赞成的人则被政敌称为“托利”。托利党人是指那些支持世袭王权、不愿去除国王的人。保守党源于十八世纪末的托利党。该党代表乡绅，商人阶级和官方利益。英国于1832年通过了（选举）改革议案后，托利党的部份成员组成了保守派团体，并在1830年一月号出版的团刊 Quarterly Review，首次使用了〔保守党〕这个称号，直至今天，它代表了右翼政党，致力于保持传统的价值观和运作模式，现时仍有人用〔托利〕来易容保守的政见人士。 自由党是继成十九世纪崛起的政党〔辉格〕；辉格党主要由一班争取选举，议政及慈善事业改革的议政人士组成。自由党这名称在1839年才正式有人使用，在1988年，自由党与社会民主党合并，成为现时的自由民主党，推崇自由主义。Economically: 18th century England witnessed unprecedented technical innovation, which is called the Industrial Revolution ,England became the most powerful capitalist country in the world, the work-shop of the world. Britain continued to expand its colonies abroad in Asia, Africa and North America, which led to social unrest in Scotland, Ireland and America. Ideologically: Age of Enlightenmentunder the influence of scientific discoveries (Newton) and flourishing of philosophies, French Enlightenment started. The Enlightenment in EuropeAn intellectual movement beginning in France and then spread throughout Europe. The guiding principle or slogan is Ration/Reason, natural right and equality. An expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. (American Independence War in 1776; French Revolution in 1789)They attempted to place all branches of science at the