第九章 个体防护..ppt

* * * * * * * * 左图显示的是健康人的纤毛，它们直立且密集，能够有效地将粘有污染物的粘液排出体外。旁边的是一个吸烟人的纤毛，部分纤毛已经消失，剩下的比较稀疏，这是吸烟对人体危害的一个反应，而长期暴露于空气污染物的人纤毛也会受到同样损坏。 * 进入肺泡的粉尘会永久地停留在那里，它们会被肺泡内的巨噬细胞视为异物而吞掉，但由于粉尘的毒性，通常是所含的石英或其它物质的毒性，使巨噬细胞死亡，但会不断有其它巨噬细胞将它吞掉，并经过一系列反应，最后逐渐形成以粉尘为内核，包裹着无数死亡的巨噬细胞结节，就象洋葱一样。小结节还会合并为大结节，逐渐使肺泡萎缩，失去换气功能。即使人已经离开了粉尘作业，这个过程仍会继续，逐步发展，症状会在以后显现出来，可见其危害的隐秘性和、长远性和严重性。 上面是各种尘肺的肺脏切片图。 * 进入肺泡的粉尘会永久地停留在那里，它们会被肺泡内的巨噬细胞视为异物而吞掉，但由于粉尘的毒性，通常是所含的石英或其它物质的毒性，使巨噬细胞死亡，但会不断有其它巨噬细胞将它吞掉，并经过一系列反应，最后逐渐形成以粉尘为内核，包裹着无数死亡的巨噬细胞结节，就象洋葱一样。小结节还会合并为大结节，逐渐使肺泡萎缩，失去换气功能。即使人已经离开了粉尘作业，这个过程仍会继续，逐步发展，症状会在以后显现出来，可见其危害的隐秘性和、长远性和严重性。 上面是各种尘肺的肺脏切片图。 * 除了导致尘肺外，有些粉尘，如石棉，还会导致肺癌，上图就是由石棉导致的间皮瘤和肺癌。 * 了解了污染物对人体的危害后，我们就要采取控制措施，包括选择适当的呼吸防护用品。 * “The best method to reduce worker exposure to respiratory hazards is to eliminate or reduce the concentration of contaminants in the air.” “And how can we do this?” Wait for responses from the audience…recognize them, and keep your audience with you… “There are two key strategies: work on engineering controls and use effective protective equipment.” * “One of the best strategies for worker protection is the application of engineering control measures.” “There are many ways engineer out the exposure to contaminants: local, area or general ventilation, opening windows , replacement or elimination of dangerous substances in the process, engineering changes to processes, enclosing or surrounding machines or building a booth for the worker.” Workers who have day to day knowledge about their jobs and the equipment they work with can significantly contribute to the solution to problems. They can also help in improving the processes. When you have an idea for a process or equipment change that can reduce or eliminate contamination at its source - especially those “simple things” - share them! Many companies today even have financial rewards for those ideas that save them money or improve work conditions.” * 如何选用呼吸保护器呢？首先看都有哪些类型。 * 主要分两类：过滤式和供气式。 过滤式中分半面式、全面式和电动送风式。半面式包括免维护型简易口罩和低保养型半面罩，前者虽没有需