18carbohyd们rates.pptVIP

Carbohydrates（糖，碳水化合物） Synthesized by plants using sunlight to convert CO2 and H2O to glucose（葡萄糖） and O2. Polymers include starch（淀粉） and cellulose（纤维素）. Starch is storage unit for solar energy（太阳能）. Most sugars have formula Cn(H2O)n, “hydrate of carbon.” （“碳的水合物”）  Monosaccharides单糖 Classified by: aldose (醛糖) or ketose (酮糖) number of carbons in chain: trioses; tetroses ; pentoses; hexoses; heptoses X(三, 四, 五, 六, 七)碳糖，丙(丁, 戊, 己, 庚)糖 configuration of chiral carbon farthest from the carbonyl group: D-, L- D and L Sugars D sugars can be degraded to the dextrorotatory (+) form of glyceraldehyde (右旋甘油醛). L sugars can be degraded to the levorotatory (-) form of glyceraldehyde (左旋甘油醛). Erythro and Threo (赤式和苏式) 23-4 Terms used for diastereomers with two adjacent chiral C’s, without symmetric ends. For symmetric molecules, use meso or d,l. Cyclic Structure for Fructose 果糖 Cyclic hemiacetal formed by reaction of C=O at C2 with -OH at C5. Anomers 端基（差向）异构体 Mutarotation (变旋现象) 3. Reactions of monosaccharides The reactions of aldehydes and ketones; The reactions of alcohols Amylose直链淀粉 Soluble starch, polymer of D-glucose. Starch-iodide complex, deep blue. Amylopectin支链淀粉 Branched, insoluble fraction of starch. Chitin（甲壳质） Polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. Exoskeleton of insects. Structure of DNA ?-D-2-deoxyribofuranose is the sugar. Heterocyclic bases are cytosine（胞嘧啶 ） thymine (胸腺嘧啶) adenine（腺嘌呤 ） guanine（鸟嘌呤 ） Linked by phosphate ester groups to form the primary structure. Base Pairings Double Helix of DNA Two complementary polynucleotide chains are coiled into a helix. Described by Watson and Crick, 1953. Blood type（血型） is determined by the nature of the sugar bound to the protein on the surface of red blood cells 7. Nuleic acids 核酸 核蛋白 nucleoprotein 蛋白质 protein 核酸（RNA，DNA） Nucleic acid 核苷酸（单体） Nucleotide 核苷 Nucleoside 磷酸 Phosporic acid 戊糖(2种:核糖, 脱氧核糖) pentose 碱基(5种) base 核糖 ribose 脱氧核糖 deoxyribose 核苷 Nucleoside 核糖核苷 ribonucleosides 脱氧核糖核苷