A.C.Hoffmann-3How Cyclones Work外文电子书籍.pdfVIP

3 How Cyclones Work As mentioned in Chap. 1, cyclones work as a result of the centrifugal forces acting on the particles suspended in the swirling gas stream. This causes the particles, which are denser than the gas, to move outward to the cyclone wall, along which they are transported downward to the dust exit. The cleaned gas leaves near the centerline, in a reverse-flow cyclone through the roof. In a ‘once-through’ or ‘flow-through’ cyclone, the cleaned gas exits out the 1 bottom . In this chapter we take a first look at the flow of gas and particles in cyclones. We also introduce the two key performance indicators for cyclones: their separation efficiency and their pressure drop. 3.1 Flow in Cyclones The gas flow pattern in cyclones is fairly well known from experimental evi- dence collected over decades. For particle trajectories, on the other hand, very little experimental data are available, so for this we shall resort to computa- tional fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. 3.1.1 Gas Flow Pattern The velocity field in cyclones has been measured using hot-wire anemometers, pitot tubes and, recently, laser-Doppler anemometry (LDA). See Chap. 10 for more information about these techniques. 1 In some configurations, cyclones may be oriented at an angle to true vertical and, in the limit, may be oriented horizontally. Such configurations do not violate the rules and equations governing vertical cyclones except in certain ‘highly loaded’ cyclones, wherein the force of gravity competes with the radially-directed cen- trifugal force, which the particles experience. In such latter configurations the designer must be especially careful in scaling-up. We shall return to this topic in a later chapter. 46 3 How Cyclones Work Figure 3.1.1 shows a sketch of a standard reverse-flow cylinder-on-cone gas cyclone with a tangen