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Querying the Database
• Goal: specify what we want from our database
UIUC-employee ( SSN, name, address, salary)
IRS-IL (SSN, city, year-of-filed-return)
• Find all the employees who earn more than
$50,000 and pay taxes in Champaign-Urbana.
1
Querying the Database
• Could write in C++/Java, but bad idea
• Instead use high-level query languages
– Theoretical: Relational Algebra, Datalog
– Practical: SQL
– Relational algebra: a basic set of operations on relations
that provide the basic principles.
• Worry free
2
What is an “Algebra”?
• Mathematical system consisting of:
– Operands variables or values from which new
values can be constructed.
– Operators symbols denoting procedures that
construct new values from given values.
3
Q: Example algebra?
• Arithmetic algebra. Linear algebra.
• What are operands?
• What are operators?
4
What is Relational Algebra?
• An algebra whose operands are relations or
variables that represent relations.
• Operators are designed to do common things that
we need to do with relations in a database.
• The result is an algebra that can be used as a
query language for relations.
5
Relational Algebra at a Glance
• Operators: relations as input, new relation as output
• Five basic RA operations:
– Basic Set Operations
• union, difference (no intersection, no complement)
– Selection: σ
– Projection: π
– Cartesian Pro
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