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* * In 1951, Richard Doll and Bradford Hill initiated the now renowned prospective cohort study of British physicians. The population included 40,000 physicians, mostly men. In a 1954 report on the initial findings, Doll and Hill found that the physicians who were mild smokers were seven times more likely to die of lung cancer than non-smokers and for ‘immoderate’ smokers, the risk was 24 times greater.1 These results were published with the title ‘The Mortality of Doctors in Relation to their Smoking Habits’ in the British Medical Journal. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, the mounting evide