中微chaptr1and2.pptVIP

Microeconomic TheoryBasic Principles and Extensions, 9e 中级与初级的区别 内容更多：新的知识点 研究更细：数学的大量增加 思维更系统：方法重于知识 影响更深入：理性的思维行为方式 学科认同感更强：成为经济学帝国主义中的一员 学习内容 讲授内容 除了博弈论、一般均衡之外的章节 前面的快一点（满足中等偏上的同学） 自学内容 习题（没有助教：peer effect） 文献 考试 课后习题 必须及格 不能低于50分 亲自监考：即使不抓人也要区分高低 上课对应付考试的好处 课上会指出一部分必考的题目 课上会提供具体的解题方法 学习目的与学习建议 理论经济学博士 （1）弄明白每一道习题 （2）看过三遍的不用学了（直接听李老师的） （3）主动从学习到研究过度（专业课（新政治经济学）；参加workshop或seminar） 应用经济学博士 （1）弄明白每一道习题 （2）看过三遍的不用学了（直接听李老师的） （3）精通计量经济学和软件 其他 听明白课上讲解，看懂正文 会构造简单模型（硕士论文） 明白什么是好的经济学论文 不来上课=应付考试=自己会做课后题 Chapter 1 ECONOMIC MODELS Features of Economic Models Ceteris Paribus assumption Optimization assumption Distinction between positive and normative analysis Ceteris Paribus Assumption Ceteris Paribus means “other things the same” Economic models attempt to explain simple relationships focus on the effects of only a few forces at a time other variables are assumed to be unchanged during the period of study Optimization Assumptions Many economic models begin with the assumption that economic actors are rationally pursuing some goal consumers seek to maximize their utility firms seek to maximize profits (or minimize costs) government regulators seek to maximize public welfare！ Optimization Assumptions Optimization assumptions generate precise, solvable models Optimization models appear to be perform fairly well in explaining reality Positive-Normative Distinction Positive economic theories seek to explain the economic phenomena that is observed 张五常的《经济解释》 Normative economic theories focus on what “should” be done Chapter 2 THE MATHEMATICS OF OPTIMIZATION The Envelope Theorem The envelope theorem concerns how the optimal value for a particular function changes when a parameter of the function changes 长期成本曲线部分 The Envelope Theorem The envelope theorem concerns how the optimal value for a particular function changes when a parameter of the function changes This is easiest to see by using an example The Envelope Theorem Suppose that y is a function of x y = -x2 + ax For dif