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Acute Liver Failure in Children
Robert H. Squires, Jr., MD
Professor of Pediatrics
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh
ALF in children is a devastating
condition
• In pre-transplant era, 28% spontaneous survival, 4%
with Stage IV coma (Kings, 1980)
• Overall survival improved to 63% with early referral to a
liver transplant center, but spontaneous survival
remained at 28% (Paris, 1990)
• Poor prognostic factors: cerebral edema, ascites, rising
bilirubin with falling ALT, prolonged PT not responding to
FFP, and delay onset of encephalopathy (UCLA 1997)
• Spontaneous survival improved to 58% with improved
ICU care and a change in definition to include patients
with coagulopathy (PT20 sec) without coma
Etiology Single Site Experience
Etiology London UCLA Bicêtre Denver Brisbane B’gham India Total
69-77 85-93 87-91 93-01 85-00 91-00 97-00 (%)
Define King’s King’s King’s Coag Coag Coag +
Indeter 26 36 8 12 12 36 4 134 (36)
APAP 3 7 1 9 14 34(9)
Viral 11 15 6 2 17 63 114(30)
Metabolic 5 4 12 3 22* 46(12)
Med/Toxin 2 3 5 4 5 19 (5)
Heme/Onc 1 8 9 (2)
Autoimm 1 3 4 (1)
Shock 8 1 9(2)
Other 2 2 4(1)
Total 31 66 35 57 22 97 67 375
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