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3-ANNEX C (informative) THE ENCODING PROCESS 3-C.1 Encoder 3-C.1.1 Overview For each of the Layers, an example of one suitable encoder with the corresponding flow-diagram is given in this annex. In subsequent clauses the analysis subband filter and the layer-specific encoding techniques are described. In Annex D two examples of psychoacoustic models, which are common to all layers, are described. A short introduction describes the overall philosophy. INTRODUCTION The MPEG-Audio algorithm is a psychoacoustic algorithm. The figure below shows the primary parts of a psychoacoustic algorithm. The four primary parts of the psychoacoustic encoder are: 1) The Filterbank: The filterbank does a time to frequency mapping. There are two filterbanks used in the MPEG-Audio algorithm, each providing a specific mapping in time and frequency. These filterbanks are critically sampled (i.e. there are as many samples in the analyzed domain as there are in the time domain). These filterbanks provide the primary frequency separation for the encoder, and the reconstruction filters for the decoder. The output samples of the filterbank are quantized. 2) The Psychoacoustic Model: The psychoacoustic model calculates a just noticable noise-level for each band in the filterbank. This noise level is used in the bit or noise allocation to determine the actual quantizers and quantizer levels. There are two psychoacoustic models presented in 3-Annex D. While they can both be applied to any layer of the MPEG-Audio algorithm, in practice Model 1 has been used for Layers I and II, and Model 2 for Layer III. In both psychoacoustic models, the final output of the model is a signal-to-mask ratio (SMR) for each band (Layers I and II) or group of bands (Layer III). 3) Bit or Noise Allocation: The allocator looks at both the output samples from the and the SMRs from the psychoacoustic model, and adjusts the bit allocation (Layers I and II) or noise allocation (Layer III) in order to