真空提取功拿走隔板气隔板-ckw.ppt

Entropy the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics熵與熱力學第二定律 2nd Law of Thermodynamics : 熱力學第二定律 in any closed system 任何密閉系統中 S can decrease in an open system by outside work on it. S 可以在一個開放系統中因外界對它作功而減少。 However, ?S ? 0 for combined system. 不過，如果把”外界”也算進來，整個系统還是 ?S ? 0 。 ? ?S ? 0 in the universe 整個宇宙 ?S ? 0 Universe tends to disorder 宇宙趨向混亂 Life 生命 ? GOT IT? 19.3. In each of the following processes, does the entropy of the named system increase, decrease, or stay the same? 在下列每個程序中，熵在提到的系统裏是 增加，減少，或是 不變？ a balloon inflates 氣球充氣 cells differentiate in a growing embryo, forming different organs 細胞在成長中的胚胎裏分化，形成各種器官 an animal dies, its remains gradually decays 一個動物死了，它的遺體慢慢腐爛 an earthquake demolishes a building 一場地震把一幢建築物毁了 a plant utilize sunlight, CO2 , water to manufacture sugar 一棵植物用陽光， CO2 ，和水來制做糖 a power plant burns coal produces electrical energy 一所發電廠燒煤來產生電能 a car’s friction based brakes stop the car. 以摩擦力為主的剎車把車子停下來。 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 19. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics 熱力學第二定律 Reversibility Irreversibility 1. 可逆性和不可逆性 The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics 2. 熱力學第二定律 Applications of the 2nd Law 3. 第二定律的應用 Entropy Energy Quality 4. 熵和能量品質 Most energy extracted from the fuel in power plants is dumped to the environment as waste heat, here using a large cooling tower. 發電廠內從燃料抽取的能量，大部份都被當成廢熱而丟到環境裏； 圖中用的是一個大型冷卻塔。 Why is so much energy wasted? 為甚麼浪費這麼多能量？ 2nd law: no Q ? W with 100% efficiency 第二定律：沒有 Q ? W可以達到 100% 効率。 Efficiencies 効率 Engine 引擎 Efficiency 効率 Gasoline 汽油 18~20% Diesel 柴油 up to 可達 40% Steam 蒸氣 ~8% Gas Turbine 氣渦輪 up to 可達 40% Power Plant 發電廠 Efficiency 効率 Coal 燃煤 36% Nuclear 核子 30% 19.1. Reversibility Irreversibility 可逆性和不可逆性 Block slowed down 質塊因摩擦力 by friction: 而慢下來: Irreversible 不可逆 Bouncing ball: 彈跳的球: reversible 可逆 Examples of irreversible processes: 不可逆程序範例: Beating an egg, blending yolk white 打一個蛋，蛋黄蛋白混成一團 Cups of cold hot water in contact 幾杯