主要介绍酶的化学本质.ppt

酶通论 酶的发现和提出：1897年，Buchner兄弟用不含细胞的酵母汁成功实现了发酵。提出了发酵与活细胞无关，而与细胞液中的酶有关。 1903年，Henri提出了酶与底物作用的中间复合物学说。 1913年，Michaelis和Menten提出了酶促动力学原理—米氏学说。 1925年，Briggs和Handane对米氏方程做了修正，提出了稳态学说。 1926年，Sumner从刀豆种子中分离、纯化得到了脲酶结晶，首次证明酶是具有催化活性的蛋白质。 1930年 Northrop 分离得到胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶结晶并证实其均为蛋白质，酶的蛋白质本质确立。 Urease crystals ( X 728)Sumner, J. B. (1926) “ The isolation and crystallization of the enzyme urease” J. Biol. Chem. 69:435-441. What is the difference between an enzyme and a protein? Ribozymes It was assumed that all enzymes are proteins until 1982 when Thomas Cech and Sydney Altman discovered catalytic RNAs (Nobel, 1989 in Chemistry); Catalytic RNA, or, ribozymes, satisfy several enzymatic criteria: substrate specificity, enhance reaction rate, and emerge from reaction unchanged; Several known ribozymes: RNase P: catalyzes cleavage of precursor tRNA molecules into mature tRNAs; Group I, II introns: catalyze their own splicing (cleaving and ligating); Ribosome: catalyzes peptidyl transfer reaction Substrates, products, and enzymes Enzymes catalyze the rate at which substrates are converted to product Enzymes are the most remarkable and specialized biological catalysts An enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction at a specifically structured active site, being often a pocket. Enzymes have extraordinary catalytic power, often far greater than those non-biological catalysts. Enzymes often have a high degree of specificity for their substrates. Enzymes are often regulatory. Enzymes usually work under very mild conditions of temperature and pH. The substance acted on by an enzyme is called a substrate, which binds to the active site of an enzyme in a complementary manner. Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering their activation energies Enzymes stabilize the transition states of reactions Emil Ficher: (1894) The ‘Lock Key’ hypothesis - explains substrate specificity - says nothing about why catalysis occurs Dan Koshland: (1958) ‘Induced Fit’ hypothesis: - enzymes prefer to bind to a