96年度第二学期光纤通信导论.ppt

96年度第二學期光纖通信導論 Chapter 2 Propagation of Signals in Optical Fiber 2.Propagation of Signals in Optical Fiber Advantages Low loss ~0.2dB/km at 1550nm Enormous bandwidth at least 25THz Light weight Flexible Immunity to interferences Low cost Disadvantages and Impairments Difficult to handle Chromatic dispersion Nonlinear Effects 2.1 Light Propagation in Optical Fiber Cladding refractive index ≈1.45 core 8~10μm, 50μm, 62.5μm doped 2.1.1Geometrical Optical Approach (Ray Theory) This approach is only applicable to multimode fibers. incident angle (入射角) refraction angle (折射角) reflection angle (反射角) Snell’s Law =Critical angle When total internal reflection occurs. let = air refractive index = acceptance angle (total reflection will occur at core/cladding interface) (2.2) If Δ is small (less than 0.01) For (multimode) Numerical Aperture NA= Because different modes have different lengths of paths, intermodal dispersion occurs. Infermode dispersion will cause digital pulse spreading Let L be the length of the fiber The ray travels along the center of the core The ray is incident at (slow ray) Assume that the bit rate = Bb/s Bit duration The capacity is measured by BL (ignore loss) Foe example, if For optimum graded-index fibers, δT is shorter than that in the step-index fibers, because the ray travels along the center slows down (n is larger) and the ray traveling longer paths travels faster (n is small) The time difference is given by (For Optical graded-index profile) and (single mode ) If Long haul systems use single-mode fibers 2.1.2 Wave Theory Approach Maxwell’s equations D.1