物质环境管理概论.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * mesquite 豆科灌木 burrow 洞穴 saguaro:巨人柱, insulated绝热的, stomate气孔 3.3 大气组成及其生态作用 大气层atmosphere：地表到1100 km范围内空气 海拔↑300 m，大气压↓3.33 kPa。 大气组成：氮nitrogen、氧oxygen、二氧化碳carbon dioxide等 CO2：植物光合作用原料、生物氧化代谢产物 O2：几乎所有生物生存所依赖的媒介 3.3.1 氧与生物 氧与动物能量代谢: 氧是陆生动物进化成恒温动物的保障；动物代谢率随环境氧分压而改变是一般规律 内温动物对高海拔低氧的适应：限制因子 加大呼吸深度； 增加肺泡气体弥散能力； 增加肌红蛋白数量； 增加红细胞数量及血红蛋白浓度 植物与氧：主要生产者 Biological Role of Oxygen Molecular oxygen, O2, is essential for cellular respiration in all aerobic好氧 organisms. It is used as electron acceptor电子接受体 in the mitochondria线粒体 to generate chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP三磷酸腺苷) during oxidative phosphorylation氧化磷酸化. During this reaction, oxygen is reduced还原 to water. Conversely, free游离 oxygen is produced in the biosphere through photolysis光解作用 (light-driven oxidation and splitting) of water during photosynthesis in cyanobacteria蓝细菌, green algae and plants, thus closing the biological water-oxygen redox氧化还原 cycle. 3.3.2 二氧化碳的生态作用 大气中CO2与温室效应：greenhouse effect ！温室效应的积极意义 CO2与植物：作物生长盛期和强光照下， CO2不足是光合作用的限制因素 Biological Role of Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide is an end product in organisms that obtain energy from breaking down sugars, fats and amino acids with oxygen as part of their metabolism, in a process known as cellular respiration. This includes all plants, animals, many fungi and some bacteria. In higher animals, the carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the bodys tissues to the lungs where it is exhaled. In plants using photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere. 3.4.1 土壤的物理性质与生物 土壤的生态学意义 固、水、气三相复合系统 土壤质地与结构：砂土、壤土、粘土；微团粒结构、团粒结构、比团粒更大的结构；直接影响生物（水气肥协同）；影响土壤水、气、温 土壤水分：过多过少均不利 土壤空气：低氧、高二氧化碳 土壤温度： Soil Soil comprising the pedosphere土壤圈 is positioned at the interface of the lithosphere岩石圈 and biosphere with the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Soil is considered a three phase system, consisting of solid, liquid, and gas. The solid phase consists of miner