《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译完整版.doc

PAGE PAGE 1 Unit 1 Chemi?cal Indus?try 化学工业 Befor?e readi?ng the text below?, try to answe?r follo?wing quest?ion: Befor?e readi?ng the text below?, try to answe?r follo?wing quest?ion: When did the moder?n chemi?cal indus?try start?? Can you give a defin?ition? for the chemi?cal indus?try? What are the contr?ibuti?on which? the chemi?cal indus?try has made to meet and satis?fy our needs?? Is the chemi?cal indus?try capit?al- or labor?-inten?sive? Why? 1.Origi?ns of the Chemi?cal Indus?try Altho?ugh the use of chemi?cals dates? back to the ancie?nt civil?izati?ons, the evolu?tion of what we know as the moder?n chemi?cal indus?try start?ed much more recen?tly. It may be consi?dered? to have begun? durin?g the Indus?trial? Revol?ution?, about? 1800, and devel?oped to provi?de chemi?cals roe use by other? indus?tries?. Examp?les are alkal?i for soapm?aking?, bleac?hing powde?r for cotto?n, and silic?a and sodiu?m carbo?nate for glass?makin?g. It will be noted? that these? are all inorg?anic chemi?cals. The organ?ic chemi?cals indus?try start?ed in the 1860s? with the explo?itati?on of Willi?am Henry? Perki?n’s disco?very if the first? synth?etic dyest?uff—mauve?. At the start? of the twent?ieth centu?ry the empha?sis on resea?rch on the appli?ed aspec?ts of chemi?stry in Germa?ny had paid off hands?omely?, and by 1914 had resul?ted in the Germa?n chemi?cal indus?try havin?g 75% of the world? marke?t in chemi?cals. This was based? on the disco?very of new dyest?uffs plus the devel?opmen?t of both the conta?ct proce?ss for sulph?uric acid and the Haber? proce?ss for ammon?ia. The later? requi?red a major? techn?ologi?cal break?throu?gh that of being? able to carry? out chemi?cal react?ions under? condi?tions? of very high press?ure for the first? time. The exper?ience? gaine?d with this was to stand? Germa?ny in good stead?, parti?cular?ly with the rapid?ly incre?ased deman?d for nitro?gen-based? compo?unds (ammon?ium salts? for ferti?lizer?s and nitri?c acid f