网络冲突的规范约束（英文版）.pdf

C Y B E R S E C U R I T Y P R O J E C T Normative Restraints on Cyber Conflict Joseph S. Nye PA P E R A U G U S T 2 0 1 8 Cyber Security Project Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Harvard Kennedy School 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138 /Cyber Statements and views expressed in this report are solely those of the authors and do not imply endorsement by Harvard University, the Harvard Kennedy School, or the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs. Originally published in Cyber Security: A Peer-Reviewed Journal Vol. 1, 4 331–342 © Henry Stewart Publications 2398-5100 (2018) Layout by Mari Dugas Cover photo: July 7, 2017, the heads of government of the G-20 states and their partners have dinner after a concert in the Elbphilharmonie concert hall in Hamburg, Germany (Kay Nietfeld/ Pool Photo via AP) Copyright 2017, President and Fellows of Harvard College Printed in the United States of America C Y B E R S E C U R I T Y P R O J E C T Normative Restraints on Cyber Conflict Joseph S. Nye PA P E R A U G U S T 2 0 1 8 Abstract Cyber security is a relatively new international problem. A decade ago, it received little attention as an international issue, but since 2013 the Director of National Intelligence has named cyber secu- rity risks as the biggest threat facing the USA. Although the exact numbers can be debated, various non-profit organisations have listed hundreds of state-sponsored attacks by a score of coun- tries in the past decade. Many observers have called for laws and norms to manage the growing cyber threat. In this paper the author out