经济思想史(七马尔萨斯.pptVIP

2）人口增长趋势 trend of population growth 人口增长不加约束和限制(constrained and unchecked)； 人口将以几何级数增长(increases in a geometrical progression)； 而农产品的产量只能以算术级数增长；agriculture produce would be an arithmetical progression. 人口数量的生活资料需求 ？ 生活资料(subsistence)供给。 3）限制人口增长 constrain population growth 提出两种措施：“预防性控制”和“积极控制” （1）预防性控制 preventive checks 也即是降低人口出生率(reduce the birth rate)； 赞成的(approval)预防性措施—道德约束(moral restraint)，延迟结婚或不结婚(postpone marriage or never marry)； 不赞成的(disapproval)预防性措施—罪恶(vice)，卖淫和节育(prostitution and birth control)。 （2）积极控制(positive control) 提高死亡率(increase the death rate)的措施； 自然因素(natural factor)，饥荒(famine)、瘟疫(plague)等； 人为因素(human factor)，战争(war)、暴行(violence)等。 4）政策含义：济贫法;policy implication , poor laws 贫穷和困难是对“下等阶层”没有控制人口再生产的自然惩罚；poverty and misery are the natural punishment for the failure by the “low classes ” to restrain their reproduction. 对穷人一定不要提供政府救济；there must be no government relief for the poor. 福利改善将促进人口增加；welfare improvement would cause more children to survive. 贫困、饥饿问题将更加严重；poverty and hunger would be worsening. 马尔萨斯部分观点被采纳(adopted)，法案取消了对济贫院以外的健全的人们的一切救济。The law abolished all relief for able-bodied people outside workhouses. 4.市场供给过剩理论 the theory of market gluts 4.市场供给过剩理论 the theory of market gluts 1）有效需求不足 the potential insufficiency of effective demand 假定工人获得生存工资；assumed that workers receive a subsistence wage; 雇佣工人生产出来的价值远大于工资；workers produce a value greater than that which they receive as wages; 雇主获得利润；the employer makes a profit. ——基于生产和资本积累：利润难以高工资形式发给工人，利润消失导致生产和就业的停止；the profit cannot be returned to the workers in the form of higher wages because the disappearance of profits causes production and employment to cease. ——基于消费和产品需求：工人购买部分产品；资本家购买部分资本品（消费品）；workers buy a part of output; capitalists buy some of extra output in the form of capital goods; 投资仅仅为了提供消费需求，如果最终产品不能售出，发生供给过剩，投资将不再发生。Investment is undertaken in the final analysis only to provide consumption , and if the final products cannot be sold , no investment will be forthcomin