81地下水基本概念.pptVIP

Number of available conduits Size of the conduits Straightness of the conduits (2)aquifers and aquitards Aquifers（含水层）:sediment or rocks that transmit water easily. Aquitards（弱透水层）:sediment or rocks that do not transmit water easily and therefore retard the motion of water. Aquicludes（隔水层）:sediment or rocks that do not transmit water at all. unconfined aquifers（无压含水层）:aquifers that intersect the surface of the Earth . confined aquifers（承压含水层）:aquifers that are separated from the surface by an aquitard or aquiclude ,as the water they contain is isolated from the surface. An aquifer is a high-porosity, high-permeability rock.If it has access to the ground surface,it’s an unconfined aquifer.If it’s trapped below an aquitard,a rock with low permeability,it’s a confined aquifer. (3)Water table（潜水面或地下水面）: geologists define a boundary ,above which pore spaces and cracks contain mostly air and below which they contain only water. The region of the subsurface above the water table is called the unsaturated zone, and the region below the water table is the saturated zone, Water table (a) The geometry of the water table, illustrating the saturated zone, the unsaturated zone, and the capilary fringe. Water table (b) The surface of a permanent pond is the water table. (c) During the dry season, the water table can drop substantially, causing the pond to dry up. The shape of a water table beneath hilly topography 描述岩石渗透性能的参数是渗透系数（K）。 1856年，法国水利学家达西（H．Darcy）通过大量的实验，得出线性渗透定律， 即达西定律：Q=Kωh/L=KωI K-渗透系数；ω-过水断面；I-水力梯度 Q-渗透流量； h-水头损失（上下游过水断面的水头差）； L-渗透路径。 从水力学知识可以推出达西定律的另一种表达式： Q= ω V V=Q/ ω = KωI/ ω V=KI 水力梯度I是无因次的，故渗透系数K的因次与渗透速度相同，一般采用m/d或cm/s为单位。 3. Recharge（补给）and discharge（排泄） of groundwater （1）地下水的补给 1）大气降水的补给 2）地表水的补给 3）凝结水的补给 4）含水层之间的补给 （2）地下水的排泄 1）泉 ：是地下水的天然露头。 2）其它排泄方式 ①泄流 ②蒸发 ③蒸腾 ④人工排泄(井） abh:侵蚀泉 c:接触泉 defg：溢流泉 i:断层泉 The types of springs Spring for