跨文化完整版.docVIP

1 Basic functions of culture: (1) It is believed that culture evolved for the same reasons ： it serves the basic need of laying out a predictable world in which each of us is firmly grounded and thus enables us to make sense of our surrounding . Culture makes all things easy (2) In addition to making the world a less perplexing place, cultures have now evolved to the point where they are. People’s primary means of satisfying 3 types of needs 2 culture makes all things easy: for two important reason：first, culture helps facilitate the transition from womb to this new life by providing meaning to event, object, and people. Second, culture makes life less confusing because, as we shall see later, most of culture is automatic and subconscious. 3 three types of culture Basic needs: food, shelter, physical protection Derived needs:派生需求 organization of work, distribution of food, defense, social control Integrative needs 综合需求: psychological security , social harmony, purpose in life 4 梁漱溟文化理论 material culture：social culture：ideological 5 Abraham Maslow: Pyramid:“self—actualization 自我实现需求，：esteem needs 尊重需求；：belongings needs 社交需求：safety needs 安全需求 physiological needs 生理需求 9 enculturation usually take place through: 1 interaction 2 observation 3 imitation 10 sources of learning culture: 1 we learn our culture through proverbs 2 from folk tales, legends and myths. 3 through art 4 through mass media 11 symbols 三类分法 ①spoken word .written word .nonverbal actions(非语言行为)object (i.e.: flags automobiles or jewelry) ②language communicative symbols :spoken words ,written words Nonverbal communicative symbols (body behavior. body movement. gestures. facial expressions. touch. objects.) ③ Perice 皮尔斯(人类学家)j表格 2the physical mechanism of perception is pretty much the same in all people :sensory organs such as the eyes ,ears and nose permit us to sense our environment ,and the sensation received by them are routed through our nervous system to the brains, where they are interpreted and ac