热能和动力工程专业英语翻译教案.docVIP

PAGE 32 1.3 传热学基础 传热学是一门研究在存在温差的物体间发生能量传递的科学。热力学中将这种方式传递的能量定义为热量。传热学不仅可以解释热量传递是如何传递的，而且可以计算在特定条件下的传热速率。事实上，传热速率正是一个分析所期望的目标，它指明了传热学和热力学间的差别。热力学处理的是平衡状态下的系统，它可计算当系统从一个平衡状态过渡到另一个平衡状态时所需要的能量，但不能解决系统处于过渡过程的非平衡状态时能量变化的快慢程度。传热学提供了可用于计算传热速率的实验关联式，从而对热力学第一定律和第二定律进行补充。这里，我们介绍热量传递的三种方式和不同型式的换热器。 1.3.1 Conduction heat transfer When a temperature gradient exists in a body, experience has shown that there is an energy transfer from the high-temperature region to the low-temperature region. We say that the energy is transferred by conduction and that the heat transfer rate per unit area is proportional to the normal temperature gradient: q/A~?T/?x. When the proportionality constant is inserted (1-3) Where q is the heat transfer rate and ?T/?x is the temperature gradient in the direction of heat flow. The positive constant λ is called the thermal conductivity of the material, and the minus sign is inserted so that the second principle of thermodynamics will be satisfied; i.e., heat must flow downhill on the temperature scale. Equation (1-3) is called Fourier’s law of heat conduction after the French mathematical physicist Joseph Fourier, who made very significant contributions to the analytical treatment of conduction heat transfer. It is important to note that Equation (1-3) is the defining equation for the thermal conductivity and that λhas the units of watts per meter per Celsius degree in a typical system of units in which the heat flow is expressed in watts. 1.3.1 热传导 当物体内部存在温度梯度时，经验表明，就有能量从高温区向低温区传递。我们说，此时的能量通过传导进行传递，单位面积上的传热速率与法向温度梯度成正比，即q/A~?T/?x。引入比例系数，则有 (1-3) 其中q是热流量，?T/?x是热流方向上的温度梯度，正常数?称为材料的导热系数。方程中插入的负号表示热传导过程应满足热力学第二定律，即热量必须沿温度降低的方向传递。式(1-3)称为傅立叶导热定律，以法国数理学家约瑟夫?傅立叶的名字命名，傅立叶在导热的分析处理方面做出了极其重大的贡献。值得注意的是，式(1-3)也是导热系数的定义式，在典型的单位体系中，当热流量q的单位为W时，?的单位为W/(m?℃)。 1.3.2 Convection heat transfer It is well known that a hot plate of metal will cool faster when placed in front of a fan then when exposed to s