医学遗传学-16肿瘤遗传学.pptVIP

16 遗传与肿瘤发生 Cancer Genetics 　　　The ancient Greeks believed that cancer was caused by too much body fluid they called black bile. 　　　Doctors in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries suggested that parasites caused cancer. Today, doctors understand more about the link between cancer and genetics. 　　　Viruses, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and chemicals can all damage genes in the human body. If particular genes are affected, a person can develop cancer. Understanding how genes cause cancer, though, first requires a basic understanding of several genetic terms and concepts. 1. General 　　　Cancer is a very common disease, affecting about 1 in 3 individuals, and about half the people that contract cancer will die as a direct result of their disease. For the most part, cancer arises from a single cell, that is, cancer is a clonal disease. The average human being contains about 1014 cells (i.e., 100,000,000,000,000 cells), any one of which could, in principle, become a cancer cell, if it acquired the right sort of mutations while it still had the potential to proliferate. Therefore, the cancer cell arises and progresses once out of a possible 1014 cellular targets. That only happens in 1 in 3 people. Even then it usually takes 60 or 70 years to occur. Tumors are hereditary Hereditary retinoblastoma is an autosomal dominant trait in which susceptibility to retinoblastoma is inherited.? This is an unusual dominant trait in that a? mutation in one RB gene is not sufficient to cause symptoms, but mutations in the second allele often arise during development. ? Offspring have a 50% chance of receiving the mutant gene from a heterozygous parent, and 90% of carriers will develop retinoblastoma, usually in both eyes.? The hereditary form is also associated with a high risk for other cancers especially of the bone and fibrous tissues (osteosarcomas and fibrosarcoma. Sporadic retinoblastoma is a trait in which the affecte