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Energy xxx (2013) 1e11 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Energy journal homepage: www.els /locate/energy Energy consumption and economic analyses of a district heating network * Marouf Pirouti , Audrius Bagdanavicius, Janaka Ekanayake, Jianzhong Wu, Nick Jenkins Institute of Energy, Cardiff University, Queen ’s Buildings, The Parade, Cardiff CF24 3AA, UK a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: An approach for minimisation of the capital costs and energy consumption in a district heating network Received 28 August 2012 is presented using a case study based on a district heating network in South Wales, UK. A number of Received in revised form different design cases were simulated using the PSS SINCAL, taking into account different supply and 16 January 2013 return temperatures and target pressure losses. The operation of the district heating network was Accepted 27 January 2013 Available online xxx synthesised under different design cases using four district heating operating strategies. Optimisation was conducted to obtain the optimal flow rate and supply temperature for the variable flow and variable supply temperature operating strategy. The optimisation model was formulated using the FICO Xpress Keywords: District heating