凝聚态物理导论Chapter 5 Fundamentals of Transport Theory.pdf

Chapter 5 Fundamentals of Transport Theory It is the description of the conduction of electricity and heat in metals. §5.1 Boltzmann equation Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (February 20, 1844 – September 5, 1906) was an Austrian physicist famous for his founding contributions in the fields of statistical mechanics and statistical thermodynamics. He was one of the most important advocates for atomic theory when that scientific model was still highly controversial. /wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann In general, the distribution function of electrons is affected by the external magnetic field, the temperature gradient, scatterings by impurities, phonons, defects, other electrons, etc. In a steady state, there is no change in f, and the above equation vanishes. Boltzmann equation. In the presence of an external electric field εand an external magnetic field B, The diffusion term from the temperature gradient is Velocity of an electron wave packet centered at k. Up to now, we do not consider the distribution of phonons. As the electron and phonon systems are coupled, the distribution function of phonons satisfies In most cases, for electron systems the phonon distribution is assumed to be in the thermal equilibrium. So, we shall not consider the above equation. The electric current density is The heat current Q is energy It can be seen that if we get the form of scattering (collision) term, we