初中英语人教版八年级下册ection A Grammar Focus 4a-4.docx

Section A 3 (Grammar Focus 4a-4c) Step 1 Revision Translate the following conversations. 1. —你读了《小妇人》了吗？ —是的，我读了。/ 不，还没有。 —Have you read Little Women yet? —Yes, I have./ No, I haven’t. 2. —蒂娜读了《金银岛》了吗？ —是的，她读了。 她认为是神奇的。 —Has Tina read Treasure Island yet? —Yes, she has. She thinks it’s fantastic. 3. —你决定要写哪本书了吗？ —是的，决定了。 我已经看完了。书真的很好。 —Have you decided which book to write about yet? —Yes, I have. I’ve already finished reading it. It was really good. Step 2 现在完成时 用法 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 e.g. –Have you had your lunch yet? –Yes, I have. I’ve just had it. (现在我不饿了。) 2. 表示动作或状态从过去某一时刻开始，一直延续到现在，而且可能还要继续下去。 e.g. I haven’t seen her these days. I’ve known Bob for three years. I’ve been at this school for over two years. 时间状语 already, yet, just, ever, never, before 构成 现在完成时是由“助动词have / has+ 动词的过去分词”构成的，规则动词的过去分词构成与过去式相同，不规则动词的过去分词则需逐个记忆。 动词的过去式的变化和过去分词的变化并不完全相同。我们对它们作了一个大致的分类。 (注：例子中单词的变化顺序为：动词原形 → 动词的过去式? → 动词的过去分词) 一、过去式和过去分词的变化相同 规则变化： 1. 一般在动词词尾直接加ed。如：pick → picked → picked; wish → wished → wished; stay → stayed → stayed 2. 以不发音的e结尾的动词后面加d。如：like → liked → liked; hope → hoped → hoped; phone → phoned → phoned 3. 以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的动词，变y为i，再加-ed。如：study → studied → studied; hurry → hurried → hurried; reply → replied → replied 4. 词尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节动词，要双写辅音字母，再加-ed。如：stop → stopped → stopped; clap → clapped → clapped 不规则变化： 5. 以不变应万变。如：let → let → let; put → put → put; read → read → read 6. 若中间有双写e，则去掉一个e，单词末尾再加t。如：feel → felt → felt; keep → kept → kept; sleep → slept → slept 7. 结尾的字母d变t。如：lend → lent → lent; build → built → built; send → sent → sent 8. 变为以-ought或-aught结尾。如：buy → bought → bought; bring → brought → brought; catch → caught → caught; teach → taught → taught 句式 1. 肯定句：主语 + have / has + 过去分词 (+ 其他) 2. 否定句：主语 + have / has + not + 过去 分词(+ 其他) 3. 一般疑问句：have/ has + 主语 + 过去分词(+ 其他) 4. 特殊疑问句： 特殊疑问词 (不是句子主语) + have / has + 主语+过去分词 (+ 其他) 2) 特殊疑问词(是句子主语)+have / has+过去分词(+ 其他) already和yet都可以作为现在完成时的标志词，但它们的用法不同。