英语科技论文写作.pptVIP

英语科技论文写作 讲 义 丁克毅 1、氧化反应与还原反应 众所周知，当一种化合物与氧——一种氧化剂结合时，它要被氧化。这个过程叫做氧化反应。比如： 在这一过程中，铜被氧氧化。与此类似，还原反应是指通过还原剂将氧从一种化合物中除去。很明显，当化合物被还原时它要失去氧。比如： CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O 在此过程中，氢——一种还原剂，将氧化铜还原成铜。我们应该注意到，还原是氧化的逆过程，而且二者总是相互伴随着发生的。比如在上述还原反应中，还原剂氢被氧化，因为它与氧结合生成了水，这是一个氧化反应。 Oxidation and Reduction It is well known that a substance is oxidized when it unites with oxygen, an oxidizing agent. The process which takes place is called oxidation. For example: The copper is oxidized by oxygen in the process. In a like manner, reduction is the removal of oxygen from a compound by a reducing agent. It is clear that the compound loses the oxygen when it is reduced. For example: Hydrogen, a reducing agent, reduces copper（II） oxide to copper in the process. It should be noted that reduction is the reverse of oxidation and that each is accompanied by the other. This reveals the fact that the reducing agent hydrogen has become oxidized because it has combined with oxygen to form water, which process is oxidation. 2、可逆反应 许多反应都是可逆的。为了使一个可逆反应高效率地进行，有两个重要的前提：一是反应物必须最大程度地转化成产物；二是这一转化过程必须在尽可能短的时间内完成。比如对下面这个反应来说： N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + heat 要想从一定量的氮和氢获得高产率的氨，那么从左向右的反应必须尽可能地进行完全。实验发现，在恰当的温度并有催化剂存在时，在较高的压力下，氨的产率较高。 由于从左向右的反应是一个体积减小的反应，因此氨的生成量将随着反应压力的降低而减少；又由于这是一个放热反应，因此在相对较低的温度下，反应将进行得较完全。然而另一个问题是，太低的温度将使反应速率降低。因此，我们必须选择一个合适的反应温度。另外，我们还必须使用催化剂来提高从左向右反应的速率。 Reversible reaction Many reactions are reversible. In order to carry out a reversible reaction efficiently, the important conditions are that the reactants should be converted into products to the utmost extent and that this conversion should be brought about in the shortest possible time. For example, consider the reaction: N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + heat In order to obtain a large yield of ammonia from a given quantity of nitrogen and hydroge