通识基础-东亚的传统与变化-39页.pptxVIP

Chapter 27Tradition and Change in East AsiaThe Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty comes to power after Mongol Yuan dynasty driven outFounded by Emperor Hongwu (r. 1368-1398)Used traveling officials called Mandarins and large number of eunuchs to maintain controlEmperor Yongle (r. 1403-1424) experiments with sea expeditions, moves capital north to Beijing to deter Mongol attacksMing China, 1368-1644 The Great WallOrigins before 4th century BCE, ruins from Qin dynasty in 3rd century BCERebuilt under Ming rule, 15th-16th centuries1,550 miles, 33-49 feet highGuard towersRoom for housing soldiersThe Great Wall of ChinaEradicating the Mongol PastMing emperors encourage abandonment of Mongol names, dressSupport study of Confucian classicsCivil service examinations renewedMing Decline16th century maritime pirates harm coastal tradeNavy, government unable to respond effectivelyEmperors secluded in Forbidden City, palace compound in BeijingHedonistsEmperor Wanli (r. 1572-1620) abandons imperial activity to eunuchsMing CollapseFamine, peasant rebellions in early 17th centuryRebels take Beijing in 1644Manchu fighters enter from the north and retake cityManchus refuse to allow reestablishment of Ming dynastyEstablish Qing (“Pure”) DynastyThe Qing empire, 1644-1911 The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)Manchus originally pastoral nomads, north of Great WallChieftan Nurhaci (r. 1616-1626) unifies tribes into state, develops laws, militaryEstablishes control over Korea, Mongolia, ChinaWar with Ming loyalists to 1680Support from many Chinese, fed up with Ming corruptionManchus forbid intermarriage, study of Manchu language by Chinese, force Manchu hairstyles as sign of loyaltyEmperor Kangxi (r. 1661-1722)Confucian scholar, poetMilitary conquests: island of Taiwan, Tibet, central AsiaGrandson Emperor Qianlong (r. 1736-1795) expands territoryHeight of Qing dynastyGreat prosperity, tax collection cancelled on several occasionsThe “Son of Heaven”Ming, Qing Emperors considered quas