日本游艇码头设计规范Technical standards and commentaries for port.docVIP

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日本游艇码头设计规范Technical standards and commentaries for port.doc

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Ports and Harbours Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, MLIT Port and Airport Research Institute TECHNICAL STANDARDS AND COMMENTARIES FOR PORT AND HARBOUR FACILITIES IN JAPAN THE OVERSEAS COASTAL AREA DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 2009 FOREWORD Foreword Thisbookisatranslationof“the Technical Standards and Commentaries for Port and Harbour Facilities in Japan”(hereinaftercalled“theTechnicalStandards”),whichsummarizestheministerialordinanceand publicnoticearticlesaswellastherelatedcommentariesandtechnicalnotesinconnectionwiththe“Technical StandardsforPortandHarbourFacilities”establishedbyJapan’sMinistryofLand,Infrastructure,Transport andTourism(MLIT)basedontheprovisionsofthePortandHarbourLaw.Thistranslationhasbeenmade withtheapprovaloftheauthorsincludingthePortsandHarboursBureauofMLIT,NationalInstituteforLand andInfrastructureManagement(NILIM;alsoapartofMLIT),andthePortandAirportResearchInstitute (PARI;anIndependentAdministrativeInstitution). Japanisanislandnationwithfewundergroundresources.Thecountrycomprisesapproximately6,800 islands,andhasanareaof380,000squarekilometersandatotalcoastlineof34,000km.Forthisreason, industry,whichsupportsthenation’seconomy,hasbeenlocatedincoastalareaswithportsandharborsfor convenienceinimportingrawmaterialsandexportingproducts.Giventheseconditions,Japanhasconstructed, improvedandmodernizedapproximately1,100portsandharborsaswellasapproximately3,000fishingports duringthepastoneandahalfcenturies.Because99%oftradenowdependsonportsandharbors,theyplay aparticularlyimportantroleinJapan. Japanwasaclosedcountryforabout220years,fromtheearly17thcenturyuntilthemid-19thcentury. FollowingtheMeijiRestorationof1868,modernizationprogressedrapidly.Duringthemodernizationperiod, youngJapaneseengineerslearnedfromexperiencedengineersinvitedtoJapanfromabroad,andconstructed modernportsandharbors,suchasthePortsofYokohamaandKobe. ThefirstJap