对流云之基本动力性质大气对流讲义台大周仲岛教授.PDF

二、對流雲之基本動力性質 台大大氣科學系周仲島教授 1. （浮力）對流：基礎氣塊理論 2. 對流基礎氣塊理論之修正:降雨負載, 補償下降運動,逸入過程,空氣動力 阻力 3. 對流動力：擾動壓力與渦度 4. 對流雲之數值模擬 Thunderstorm life: a pictorial presentation Life cycle of a thunderstorm Three stages conceptual model of an air mass thunderstorm (Buoyant) Convection Theory 浮力對流理論 Convection refers to the vertical motions of elements of air. These motions can arise from buoyant or mechanical forces, and are the atmosphere’s way of providing for efficient vertical transport of heat, mass, and momentum. Of special interest is buoyant convection, for this is the process leading to the formation of cumulus (or convective) clouds. Buoyant convection represents a conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy, and is expected to occur whenever heating at the surface or cooling aloft creates an unstable air layer. 對流理論的發展Development of convection theory Early development ：The motion field established in incompressible fluids when heated uniformly at the bottom surface. Later, extended by considering the effect of uniform or sheared motion of the fluid over the heated surface. Laboratory works showed striking similarities with atmospheric cumulus clouds. Recently perfected techniques for remotely sensing the atmosphere with ACOUSTIC or ELECTROMAGNATIC waves even permit the study of convective patterns in cloud-free air. 主要參考書籍 Lamb, H., 1945: Hydrodynamics. Dover Publications, New York, 738 pp. Scorer, R. S., 1958: Natural Aerodynamics. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 312 pp. Gossard, E. E., and R. G., Strauch, 1983: Radar Observation of Clear Air and Clouds, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 280 pp. Emanuel, K. A., 1994: Atmospheric Convection. Oxford University Press, New York, 580 pp. Houze, R. A. Jr., 1993: Cloud Dynamics. Academic Press, San Diego, 573 pp.