地震勘探专业英语2.ppt

Seismic exploration Introduction The seismic methods of geophysical exploration utilize the fact that elastic waves travel with different velocities in different rocks. The principle is to initiate such waves at a point and determine at a number of other points the time of arrival of the energy that is refracted or reflected by the discontinuities between different rock formations. This then enables the position of the discontinuities to be deduced. The importance of the seismic methods lies above all in the fact that their data, if properly handled, yield a more detailed interpretation than the data of any other method. The incomparably most extensive application of seismic methods is in oil prospecting but they are also employed for site investigations in building large-scale structures and other civil engineering projects like determination of depth to bedrock, delineation of sand and gravel deposits, detection of water-bearing fracture zones, etc. site investigations 现场勘测, 实地勘测 7.2.2 Elastic waves There are several kinds of elastic waves: 1. In the longitudinal, compressional or P waves, the motion of the medium is in the same direction as the direction of wave propagation. Theses are, in other words, ordinary sound waves. Their velocity is given by 2. In the transverse, shear or S waves, the particles of the medium move at right angle to the direction of wave propagation. And the velocity is given by It is evident that VpVs. Shear waves do not propagate through liquids and gases (Vs=0). Shear waves can be polarized in such a way that the particles oscillate along a definite line perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. In a geophysical context these polarized waves are known as SH and SV waves depending upon whether the particle motion is horizontal (parallel to the ground surface) or vertical (perpendicular to the surface). oscillate 振动, 振荡 polarized wave 偏振波 3. If a medium has a free surface there are also surface waves in addition to the abov