中国农业面源污染的困境摆脱与绿色转型-NSFC.PDFVIP

NEWIDEASABOUTRURALECONOMY 三农新解 中国农业面源污染的困境摆脱 与绿色转型* （ NonpointSourceNPS)Pollution 金书秦 沈贵银 内容提要 基于新制度经济学的理论框架，从制度的四个层面对我国农业面源污染的成因进行剖析：传统的环 境友好农耕文化在短短几十年内被化学技术的迅速扩散所破坏；土地制度、农业发展政策都在一定程度上产生 了破坏环境的非预期效果；小规模经营、种养分离使环境友好技术和行为的成本较高；市场因素和农户认知造 成了化学物品的过度使用。为了适应来自农业自身和外部的绿色转型要求，农业面源污染的防治应当在技术扩 散、政策调整、机构建设等方面作出努力。 关键词 农业面源污染 农业环境保护 绿色转型 作者单位 农业部农村经济研究中心 北京 100810 Jin Shuqin Shen Guiyin ’ Abstract: This paper conducts an analysis on the causes of China s agricultural NPS pollution from four institutional levels based on the theoretical framework of New Institutional Economics (NIE), and concludes that the traditional and environmental -friendly agricultural culture has been damaged by the rapid spread of so -called ‘Green Revolution ’ within the past decades, land ownership issues and agricultural development policies exert unexpected damages to the environment to certain extent, small -scaled farming operation and separation of planting and livestock farming make the costs of adopting environmentally friendly technologies and behaviors relatively high, and market factors and farmers ’ perception end up with excessive use of agricultural chemical products. To realize ecological agriculture, efforts to prevent and control of agricultural NPS pollution should be made in various aspects, such as greener technological diffusion, policy adjustment and organizational construction. Key words: Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution （NPS ）, agricultural environmental protection, green transformation 农业已经成为水体污染的重要来源。 根据2010 年污染源普查动态 更新结果，我国农业源化学耗氧量（COD ）排放总量为 1204 万吨，约占 全国COD 排放总量的47.6％ 。 其中，畜禽养殖排放的COD 约占农业源 COD 排放总量的 96 ％ ， 也就是说畜禽养殖业的 COD 排放量占全国 总量的比例达 。 农业源氨氮排放总量为 万吨，约占全国