放射性衰变及衰变方程式课件.pptVIP

Chapter3 Unstable nuclei and Radioactive decay第三章 放射性衰变及衰变方程式;Radioactive decay is a spontaneous nuclear transformation that has been shown to be unaffected by pressure, temperature, chemical form, etc (except a few very special cases). This insensitivity to extranuclear conditions allows us to characterize radioactive nuclei by their decay period and their mode and energy of decay without regard to their physical or chemical condition. ;The time dependence of radioactive decay is expressed in terms of the half-life (t1/2 ), which is the time required for one-half of the radioactive atoms in a sample to undergo decay. In practice this is the time for the measured radioactive intensity (or simply, radioactivity of a sample) to decrease to one-half of its previous value Half-lives vary from millions of years to fractions of seconds. While half-lives between a minute and a year are easily determined with fairly simple laboratory techniques 10-18s, 1015y;Radioactive decay involves a transition from a definite quantum state of the original nuclide to a definite quantum state of the product nuclide. The energy difference between the two quantum levels involved in the transition corresponds to the decay energy. This decay energy appears in the form of electromagnetic radiation and as the kinetic energy of the products, see Element and Nuclide Index for decay energies. ; 地球上存在的各种同位素中，天然存在的约500多种。其中，稳定的约200种，放射性的有300多种。加上人工合成的同位素，大约共有有3100多种，其中绝大部分是放射性同位素。 稳定同位素是指核结构不会自发的发生改变的核素；放射性同位素是不稳定核素，它们能通过自发的发射出各种射线，转变成另外一种核素。 衰变产生的子体核素可能是稳定的，也可能是放射性的。如果衰变后生成的子核是放射性的核素，它们还要继续发生衰变，直到最终变成稳定的核素为止。;对稳定的核素标绘出中子数N与质子数Z的关系，就会发现对于轻元素(A40)的稳定核，中子数近似的等于质子数，即N/Z=1;对于A40, Z20 的元素，稳定核中的中子、质子数比从1逐步增加到铋(83)元素的N/Z=1.518。对于原子序数Z83的元素，都是放射性?衰变核素。 稳定核的N/Z比随着原子质量数A的增加而增加。原子核中，中子不带电，质子带正电，原子核中的质子都要受到一种库仑斥力。随着原子序数Z的增加，原子核中每个质子所受的库仑斥力随之而增加。要继续保持稳定性就只能使N/Z比增大。 ;; 位于?稳定线右下方的核是缺中子核，也叫丰质子核，它们的N/Z要比稳定核素要求的N/Z小 。 稳定核中： 偶－偶核占了约60％； 剩下的40％中： 偶－奇核和奇－偶核几乎各占一半； 奇－奇核很少，只有6种： 质子数和中子数都是偶数的核最稳定。因为相同核子成对时最稳定