世界各地的文字.doc

Gurmukhi Quick Facts Type Syllabic Alphabetic Genealogy Brahmi Location South Asia Time 16th century CE to Present Direction Left to Right Map data ?2008 Europa Technologies - HYPERLINK /intl/zh-CN_ALL/help/terms_maps.html \t _blank Terms of Use The Gurmukhi script is tightly associated with the Sikh religion, as the words guru-mukh? literally mean from the mouth of the guru. It was created in the 16th century CE by the second Sikh guru, Guru Angad, to write the Punjabi language. Stylistically, Gurmukhi derives its letter shapes from HYPERLINK /landa.html Landa, but considerable influence from HYPERLINK /nagari.html Nagari is evident from the top horizontal bar present in most letters. Punjabi has three tones, but they are not represented in the writing system except for sporadic use of the ha letter (reduced to a subscript) to indicate a high tone. Vowels and other attachments: Related links: HYPERLINK /~malaiya/scripts.html Languages and Scripts of India Javanese Quick Facts Type Syllabic Alphabetic Genealogy Brahmi Location Southeast Asia Indonesia Time 4th century CE to Present Direction Left to Right Map data ?2008 Europa Technologies - HYPERLINK /intl/zh-CN_ALL/help/terms_maps.html \t _blank Terms of Use Javanese is one of the earliest languages in Indonesia to possess a literary tradition. As a result of contact with Indian merchants, speakers of Javanese adapted the Pallava script, a variant of the HYPERLINK /brahmi.html Brahmi script, during the 4th centruy CE to write their own language. By the 8th century CE, this Indian prototype has evolved into a distinctive script known as the Kawi script. The transition from Kawi into Javanese during the 13th century BCE was more stylistic than structural. Only the visual composition of the script changed. The way the script worked remained unchanged. Like other Brahmi-derived scripts, the Javanese script is a syllabic alphabet. Each letter in reality represent a consonant followed by a standard vowel, /